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Pseudowintera colorata
''Pseudowintera colorata''〔Richard J. Huggett and Jo Cheesman. 2002〕 is a species of woody evergreen flowering trees and shrubs, part of family Winteraceae. The species is endemic to New Zealand. All Winteraceae are magnoliids, associated with the humid Antarctic flora of the southern hemisphere.
==Description==
''Pseudowintera colorata'', or mountain horopito, is an evergreen shrub or small tree (1–2.5 m) commonly called pepperwood because its leaves have a hot taste. It is also known as the New Zealand pepper tree, winter's bark, or red horopito. It is so named because early taxonomists recognized the similarity between horopito and the South American ''Drimys winteri'' that provided the herbal remedy "winter's bark." They are both members of the Winteraceae family, which are mainly found on the land masses that once made up the great southern continent of Gondwana - South America, Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. Its yellowish-green leaves are blotched with red, with new leaves in the spring being bright red. It is distributed within lowland forests up to higher montane forests from 36° 30' South as far southward as Stewart Island/Rakiura. A characteristic plant association for ''P. colorata'' is within the podocarp forests of Westland, where alliant understory plants such as ''Rumohra adiantiformis'', ''Ascarina lucida'', ''Pseudopanax colensoi'', ''Pseudopanax edgerleyi'' and ''Blechnum discolor'' are found.〔C. Michael Hogan. 2009〕
The reproductive parts of the Winteraceae family are primitive, reflecting their origin among the first flowering plants. In New Zealand, Horopito appears in the fossil record for more than 65 million years. It is particularly unusual in that its flowers come directly off the older stems rather than from among the leaves. It is a very slow growing plant that lacks the specialist water conducting tubes found in nearly all other flowering plants.〔Webb C, Johnson P, Sykes B. (1990). ''Flowering Plants of New Zealand''. Christchurch, New Zealand: DSIR Botany, p. 104.〕
The evergreen horopito plant is continually exposed to attack by various insects and parasites and its occurrence in high rainfall areas makes it particularly susceptible to attack by fungi. This has led to efficient built in defence mechanisms. Consequently, horopito has a rich source of secondary metabolites that have an interesting range of biologically active properties.〔Jansen, B. & Groot, Æ., (2004). Occurrence, biological activity and synthesis of drimane sesquiterpenoids. Natural Product Reports - Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 21(4), 449-477.〕
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